Drying and rehydration behaviors of green bell peppers

İbrahim Doymaz, Osman İsmail

                                                                                  

Abstract

In this study, the drying behaviors of green bell peppers were examined in convection dryer. The study was carried out for 3 drying temperatures (55, 65, and 75°C) and for pre-treated samples with ethyl oleate solution against control samples. The pre-treated samples dried faster than the control ones. Drying time decreased with an increase of drying temperature. Rehydration ratio of the pre-treated samples was higher than control samples. Moisture transfer from green bell peppers was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model and the effective moisture diffusivity (D _eff ) was calculated. The D _eff values for pre-treated and control samples varied between 0.705 and 2.618×10⁻⁹ m²/sec. Activation energy values for moisture diffusion ranged from 41.67 and 52.99 kJ/mol. Drying data was fitted to 4 thin-layer drying models, namely, Lewis, Henderson and Pabis, logarithmic, and Page. The best model, which best represented the green bell peppers drying, was logarithmic.

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Keywords :activation energy ,drying,effective moisture diffusivity ,green bell pepper ,rehydration ratio.

Parallel analysis of 7 food-borne pathogens using capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism

Ae-Rim Kim, Mi-Hwa Oh, Kuk-Hwan Seol, Gi-Won Shin, Gyoo Yeol Jung, Sangsuk Oh

                                                                      

Abstract

Capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) coupled with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used for the detection of 7 pathogens associated with foodborne illness, including Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The method was applied to model food systems, both of culture medium and cooked rice. The detection limit of individual microbes was in the range of 10¹–10³ CFU/g, and that of the mixture of 7 microbes was 10³ CFU/g in the cooked rice sample. This method allowed the detection and identification of all 7 food-borne pathogens within 5 hr without the requirement for enrichment steps.

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Keywords :food-borne pathogen ,capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (CESSCP) ,multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial roasted coffee beans

Kyueun Lee, Han-Seung Shin

                                                                     

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CRY), benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a] pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo [g,h,i]perylene (BghiP)] in roasted coffee beans from Korean market. In this study, the method for sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction after saponification with potassium hydroxide (KOH), followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The external standard method was used for measurement, and regression coefficients ranged from 0.9938 to 0.9995. To determine how much of the analyte remained in the samples after sample preparation, 3-methylcholanthrene was spiked into the samples for a recovery study. The limits of detection and quantification of the 7 PAHs ranged from 0.016 to 0.497 and 0.054 to 1.656 μg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the 10 coffee samples ranged from 0.62±0.08 to 53.25±9.38 μg/kg. According to the results, the critically harmful PAH, BaP, was presented at levels harmless to humans.

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Keywords :polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ,roasted coffee ,carcinogen ,fluorescence detection.

Determination of toluene and other residual solvents in various food packaging materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Ilwon Seo, Han-Seung Shin

                                                                                       

Abstract

Levels of toluene and other residual solvents were evaluated in food packaging materials as a preventive action against hazard occurrence in foods via migration and to confirm food safety. Automated headspace sampling and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) were used to determine residual solvent levels in the food packaging materials. Correlation coefficients as calibration factors were over 0.999 and relative standard deviations (RSD) of repeatability were below 3.6%. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.001 to 0.01 mg/m². The levels of 7 residual solvents including toluene for potential migration from food packaging materials to food samples were below Korean regulatory limits

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Keywords :food packaging material ,residual solvent ,toluene ,gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Salt substitute effect of flavorings and intensity rating of beef soup in different test settings

Nam-E. Kang, Kyung-Won Lee, Mi-Sook Cho

                                                                           

Abstract

A high salt concentration in soup has been one of the hot health issues of Koreans. The purpose of this study is to reduce salt concentration of soup by different levels of flavorings addition, and to figure out the variation of acceptability and consumers’ attribute recognition levels on attribute by testing locations. The results of consumer acceptability and attribute intensity test showed a significant difference (p<0.05) by the addition of different amount of salt, black pepper, and red pepper in beef soup at laboratory and restaurant settings. In restaurant settings, the substitution of ground red pepper for salt was found to be effective. Based on the fact that ground red pepper was used as one of the additional ingredients to reduce salt used in Korea, the effect of salt substitution of the ground red pepper could be considered as a major element to look into.

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Keywords :salt substitution ,testing location ,consumer’s acceptability.

Free phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities of fresh and fermented rice spent water

Keun-Sung Kim, Kyung-Shik Park, Min-Joo Kim, So-Yeong Kim

                                                                    

Abstract

A new rice milling produces large quantities of a wet byproduct, rice spent water (RSW) containing rice polishings. However, RSW is wasted or destined to undervalued uses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to improve the bioaccessibility of phytochemical phenolics in RSW by means of value-added fermentation process. This study was designed accordingly to compare the methanol-extractable free phenolic contents and their antioxidant activity in fresh and fermented RSW. The results showed that methanol extraction yielded 7 fold higher phenolic contents from the fermented RSW than from the fresh. In addition, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the reducing power of each RSW equivalent were positively correlated with the methanol-extractable phenolic contents of each equivalent before and after the fermentation, respectively. These data suggest that more insoluble bound phenolic compounds may be freely released in RSW during the fermentation and the bioaccessibility of phytochemical phenolics in RSW may be improved.

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Keywords :rice spent water ,fermentation ,methanol extract ,phenolic acid ,antioxidant activity.

Effects of fermented milk peptides supplement on blood pressure and vascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Sung Min Kim, Soojin Park, Ryowon Choue

                                                                                                    

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of fermented milk peptides (FMP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity were significantly ameliorated in FMP (10 mg/kg BW/day) group compared to those of the skimmed milk or captopril (CAP, 50 mg/kg BW/day) groups, respectively. The higher plasma nitric oxide (NO) level and the reduced aortic thickness were found in the FMP and CAP groups versus those in the control group, respectively. In conclusion, fermented milk products containing tripeptides have been shown to be a well-tolerated dietary option against mild hypertension.

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Keywords :fermented milk peptide ,hypertension ,blood pressure,angiotensin-converting enzyme ,aortic thickness.

Potent aroma-active compounds of cooked Korean non-aromatic rice

Jae Sung Park, Kwang-Yup Kim, Hyung Hee Baek

                                                                            

Abstract

To characterize the aroma of cooked Korean non-aromatic rice, volatiles were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE) and dynamic headspace sampling (DHS). The potent aroma-active compounds were then evaluated using gas chromatography-olfactometry. A total of 16 aroma-active compounds with log3 flavor dilution >1 were detected by SDE. On the other hand, 10 aroma-active compounds were detected by DHS. 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol (2-MF) and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline were considered the most potent aroma-active compounds in cooked Korean non-aromatic rice. Especially, 2-MF was identified for the first time as a potential aroma-active compound of cooked Korean non-aromatic rice.

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Keywords:rice aroma,gas chromatography-olfactometry,aroma-active compound,2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
2-methyl-3-furanthiol.

Effects of Epigallocatechin gallate glucoside on antitumor activities in human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma Hep2

Jin Ha Lee, Doman Kim, Young-Hwan Moon, Yeon-Jin Jeong, Kyung-Joo Seong, Hoi-Soon Lim, Sun-Hun Kim, Won-Jae Kim, Ji-Yeon Jung

 

                                                                           

Abstract

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to inhibit cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in a range of cancer cells. This study examined the cytotoxicity of EGCG glucoside on human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma Hep2 cells. The EGCG glucoside treatment decreased the cell viability in Hep2 cells. Furthermore, EGCG glucoside caused apoptotic morphological changes with chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, as observed by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and activated caspase-3 immunohistochemisty. However, the EGCG glucoside did not induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that oxidative stress is not involved in the apoptotic response. EGCG glucoside induces apoptosis in Hep2 cells through not the generation of ROS, but the activation of caspase-3.

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Keywords :human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma Hep2 ,epigallocatechin-3-gallate glucoside ,reactive oxygen species ,caspase-3.

Effect of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensisfisch) on amyloid-β-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Ji Yun Ahn, Suna Kim, Sung Eun Jung, Tae Youl Ha

                                                                                 

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by neuronal loss and the presence of extracellular senile plaques whose major constituent is amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). In this study, we investigated the effects of a water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis F.) (GWE) on Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Exposure to Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis, such as decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increased lipid peroxide formation, decreased antiapoptotic bcl-2 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and elevated proapoptotic bax, and caspase-3. However, treatment of GWE effectively decreased cell deaths evoked by Aβ25-35. This result suggests that GWE exerts protective effect against apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by Aβ fragments.

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Keywords :licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) ,neuroprotective effect ,apoptosis ,Alzheimer’s disease.

Juice extraction from mango pulp using an enzymatic complex of Trichoderma sp. produced by solid-state fermentation

Juan Buenrostro-Figueroa, Heliodoro de la Garza-Toledo, Vrani Ibarra-Junquera, Cristóbal Noe Aguilar

                                                                                       

Abstracts

In this study, 2 Trichoderma strains (T-I and T-II) were evaluated for the production, by submerged (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) of an enzymatic complex with the capacity to degrade the cell components of mango peels, using these as support (in SSF) and source of nutrients. Highest enzymatic activity (7,552.5 units of endo-glucanase/L) was found in T-II by SSF. Efficiency of this crude enzymatic extract in the extraction of mango juice was evaluated, improving the yield up to 79%, representing an alternative to give an added value of mango peels improving the yields of production of mango juice.

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Keywords :Trichoderma ,solid-state fermentation ,enzymatic complex ,mango ,juice extraction.

Fractionation and quantification of phenolic antioxidants from Saeunamu(Ostrya japonica)

Jae-Sung Park, Mi-Bo Kim, Young-Hwan Ko, Sang-Bin Lim

                                                                               

Abstract

Saeunamu (Ostrya japonica), a natural plant in Jeju, was extracted and fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and their phenolic compounds and integral antioxidative capacity (IAC) were evaluated. Eight fractions were obtained, and the relative contents of ethanol fractions (F1-F6) and methanol fractions (F7, F8) were 64.0 and 33.1%, respectively. Total phenolics in the methanol fractions were high as 672.8 and 613.3 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g in F8 and F7, compared with those in the ethanol fractions as 438.4 and 411.1 mg CE/g in F4 and F5, respectively. Only 4 phenolics such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and quercetin were identified. Catechin was concentrated as 4.6 and 4.4 times in F7 and F8, and quercetin was 2.9 and 2.6 times in F5 and F6, respectively, compared with the unfractionated. IAC of water-soluble substances were high as 6.41 and 7.71 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g, and those of lipid-soluble substances were high as 2.50 and 2.41 mmol Trolox equivalents/g in F4 and F5, respectively. It was concluded that ethanol fractions (F4-F6) possessing strong IAC may be used as a natural source of antioxidants in functional food ingredients.

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Keywords :saeunamu (Ostrya japonica) ,fractionation ,phenolic compound ,integral antioxidant capacity.

Purification and characterization of a β-glucosidase capable of hydrolyzing soybean isoflavone glycosides fromPichia guilliermondii K123-1

Jai-Hyun So, Won-Chan Kim, Jae-Ho Shin, Choon-Bal Yu, In-Koo Rhee

                                                                              

Abstract

A β-glucosidase, efficiently hydrolyzing isoflavone glycoside to isoflavone aglycone, was purified fromPichia guilliermondii K123-1, isolated from Korean soybean paste by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange column chromatography, gel filtration, and fast protein liquid chromatogram (FPLC). The molecular mass of purified enzyme was estimated to be 45 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE). The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 45°c and it decreased dramatically above 50°c. The maximal activity was at pH 4.5 and more than 80% of the activity was retained for 24 hr in the pH range from 4.0 to 8.0 at 4°C. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was determined to be GLNWDYDNDK. Based on its substrate specificity and catalytic properties, the activity of the purified β-glucosidase was more effective when the sugar moiety of the glycoside was glucose and the size of the aglycone similar to that of the isoflavones. The purified β-glucosidase efficiently converts genistin and daidzin to genistein and daidzein 1.96 and 1.75 times more than almond meal β-glucosidase.

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Keywords :isoflavone ,β-glucosidase ,Pichia guilliermondii K 123-1.

Changes in extractability and antioxidant activity of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers by various high hydrostatic pressure treatments

Dongyeop Kim, Jiang Ping Fan, Hyun Chae Chung, Gi Dong Han

                                                                                 

Abstract

This study investigated changes in the extraction characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers (JA) using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment alone and in combination with enzymes and/or fermentation. HHP treatment of JA increased the soluble solid content and decreased the turbidity compared to the control group that received hot-water extraction. This indicates improved extractability of JA by HHP treatment alone or in combination. Combined HHP treatment with enzymes increased the contents of non-reducing sugars, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and free amino acids in the extracts compared to those of control, thus activating browning reaction. Extraction of fermented JA by HHP treatment with or without enzyme showed increased polyphenol content as well as improved 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity compared to the control group. Taken together, HHP treatment of fermented JA with enzymes significantly improved the extractability of bioactive molecules such as phenolics and FOS compared to conventional water extraction or HHP treatment alone. Our results provide useful information for the improvement of raw material extraction by HHP treatment in combination.

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Keywords :Jerusalem artichoke tuber ,high hydrostatic pressure ,enzyme ,fermentation ,antioxidant.

Influence of altitudinal variation on the antioxidant potential of tartar buckwheat of Western Himalaya

Garima Kishore, Shashi Ranjan, Anjana Pandey, Sanjay Gupta

                                                                                     

Abstract

In the present work, the effect of altitudinal variations on the total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant potential of seeds and hull of Tartar buckwheat collected from 15 different locations of Western Himalaya has been investigated. Methanolic and acetonic extracts of seed and hull powder showed significantly increasing amounts of total polyphenol content, and antioxidant potential with rising altitude. Methanolic extract of seed and hull powder were found to have significantly greater polyphenol, and antioxidant potential as compared to acetonic extract. The methanolic seed extract of Inderdhara (3,133 m) showed the maximum total phenolic content 1,651 μg gallic acid equivalent/50 mg of dry weight. The methanolic seed extract of Inderdhara showed the maximum antioxidant activity (77.29±1.2%) and antiradical activity (55.5±0.5%) also. The results of this study exhibited good correlation with total polyphenol and antioxidant potential in all the samples followed by the increasing tendency towards rising altitude.

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Keywords :Tartar buckwheat ,altitudinal variation ,antioxidant potential ,polyphenol ,β-carotene.

Protective effects of extract with phenolics from camellia (Camellia japonica) leaf against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity

Chang-Ho Jeong, Ji Hye Kim, Gwi Nam Choi, Ji Hyun Kwak, Dae-Ok Kim, Ho Jin Heo

                                                                                   

Abstract

Antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of aqueous extract from camellia (Camellia japonica) leaf (CJLE) were evaluated. The 1,1-phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays of the CJLE were increased in a dose dependent manner. In neuronal cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), the aqueous extract showed protective effect against H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into medium was also inhibited by CJLE (7.13–43.89%). The cell viability of CJLE was higher than vitamin C (200 μM) by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay at a concentration of 250–1,000 μg/mL. Phenolics of CJLE were 21.75 mg/g, and major phenolic compounds were quercetin (120.20mg/100 g) and kaempferol (88.13 mg/100 g). Therefore these data suggested that the CJLE including above phenolics may be useful in the natural antioxidant substance and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease.

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Keywords :camellia leaf ,antioxidant activity ,neuronal cell protective effect ,quercetin ,kaempferol.

Effect of enzyme treatment with β-glucosidase on antioxidant capacity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract

Gyo-Nam Kim, Hae-Dong Jang

                                                                                

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of enzyme treatment with β-glucosidase on antioxidant capacity of the mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) assay. The MLE was prepared by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min and treated with β-glucosidase for 9 hr. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that only qercetin-3-β-d-glucose (QT-G) among quercetin (QT) glycosides of MLE, including QT-G, quercetin-3-O-glucose-6″-acetate (QT-GA), and rutin (RT), was converted into QT by 3 hr treatment with β-glucosidase. The in vitro peroxyl radical- and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 6 and 9 hr, respectively. The metal chelating activity increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 hr. The intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE to protect AAPH- and Cu²⁺-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 and 6 hr, respectively, indicating that QT may be released from QT-G by β-glucosidase and penetrate into cell membrane so that it can contribute to the intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE.

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Keywords :ulberry leaf extract ,enzyme treatment ,antioxidant capacity ,oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) ,cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC).

Effect of the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of rice starch

Kwang Yeon Lee, Suyong Lee, Hyeon Gyu Lee

                                                                      

Abstract

Rice starch was subjected to enzymatic treatment with pullulanase and the physicochemical properties of the modified rice starch were investigated as a function of the degree of hydrolysis which ranged from 0.9 to 10.2%. The enzymatic hydrolysis of rice starch caused a decrease in the fraction of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) (78.31→44.65%), whereas the levels of slowly digestible starch (SDS) (0.8→22.18%) and resistant starch (RS) (20.79→34.43%) increased, consequently reducing in vitro starch digestibility. In addition, the swelling factor of rice starch decreased with increasing enzyme concentration while an increase in its syneresis was observed. In rapid visco analyser (RVA) measurement, dramatic decreases in the peak viscosity (452.5→12.0 cp), breakdown (307.0→4.5 cp), and setback (207.0→3.0 cp) were observed in the enzyme-treated rice starch of which X-ray diffraction showed that there was the coexistence of A-and V-type crystallinity.

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Keywords :rice starch ,pullulanase ,enzyme modification ,in vitro digestibility.

α-pinene triggers oxidative stress and related signaling pathways in A549 and HepG2 cells

Kyong-Suk Jin, Min-Ji Bak, Mira Jun, Ho-Jin Lim, Wan-Keun Jo, Woo-Sik Jeong

                                                                                       

                                                                                  

Abstract

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -dlimonene, α-pinene, and isoprene-are widely used in scented products including food flavorings, air fresheners, and cosmetics. The effects of these VOCs on cell viability, oxidative stress generation, and the related molecular events were investigated in A549 and HepG2 cells. α-Pinene induced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and reporter gene activities of antioxidant response element (ARE), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. α-Pinene stimulated the redoxsensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB. Their down stream targets including heme oxygenase 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 also increased after treatment with α-pinene. Moreover, α-pinene-induced oxidative stress-related signaling pathways could be connected by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Conversely, α-pinene-mediated cell death, ROS formation, and AP-1 induction were inhibited by an antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Thus, α-pinene can induce the cell death possibly by modulating oxidative stress-related signaling pathways which can be reversed by an antioxidant treatment.

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Keywords :volatile organic compound ,α-pinene ,oxidative stress ,cytotoxicity ,activator protein 1.

Determination of primary factors with adhesive property of Lactobacillus brevisFSB-1 to rat colonic mucin

Seong Yeong Kim, Kwang-Soon Shin, Ho Lee

                                                                                   

Abstract

To maintain the valid physiological effects of lactic acid bacteria LAB in large intestine, the adhesive properties of LAB to human colonic mucin HCM is essential. In this study, the primary factors associated with the adhesive property of LAB to rat colonic mucin RCM were investigated, which contains sugar chains similar to those in HCM. Specific lectins bound to RCM were isolated by using the reaction between the surface layer Slayer protein of Lactobacillus brevis FSB-1 and RCM-coated membrane. When the isolated specific lectins of L. brevis FSB-1 analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE, 3 bands about 24, 55, and 75 kDa were observed on the electrophoretograms. And the specific sugar chains in glycoprotein of mucin also investigated by using modified colonic mucin-binding assay. The results indicated that Slayer protein of L. brevisFSB-1 bound to sialic acid and GalNAcα1-3Gal. Therefore, it could be concluded that Slayer protein of L. brevis FSB-1 recognized the terminal sugar chains of RCM and bound to it

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Keywords :Lactobacillus brevis FSB-1 ,adhesive property ,rat colonic mucin ,colonic mucin-binding assay .lectin

Anti-allergy effect of marc from silver vine Actinidia polygama prepared by supercritical fluid extraction

Seun-Ah Yang, Eun-Jung Lee, Hee-Don Choi, Mi-Hee Yu, Myun-Ho Bang, In-Seon Lee, Sam-Pin Lee

                                                                       

Abstract

Anti-allergic effect of marc extract after supercritical fluid extraction SFE comparing the crude extract from silver vine was investigated to increase its potential for use as a new source of functional food that reduced non-favorable flavor. The results tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide MTT assay indicated that the ethanol extract of silver vine ETOH and ethanol extract of SFE marc SFEM showed no cytotoxic effects on IgE-sensitized rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells under the conditions. ETOH, as well as SFEM inhibited antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 mast cells dose dependently. The morphological change of the cells treated with compound 48/80 was prevented by the extracts. Production of tumor necrosis factor TNF-α on the activated RBL-2H3 cells was also reduced by ETOH and SFEM, similarly. Moreover, the total phenolic content of the extracts seems to correlate with the anti-allergic activity. In conclusion, the results suggest that the flavor-improved SFE marc extract suppressed the antigen-induced allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 mast cells.

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Keywords :silver vine ,Actinidia polygama ,allergic reaction ,supercritical fluid extraction ,RBL-2H3 cell.

Control of citrus green and blue molds by Chinese propolis

Shuzhen Yang, Litao Peng, Yunjiang Cheng, Feng Chen, Siyi Pan

                                                                                     

Abstract

Green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, are economically important postharvest diseases of citrus fruits. In this study, Chinese propolis ethyl acetate extract (PEAE) was evaluated to control P. digitatum and P. italicum on postharvest citrus fruits. The results indicated PEAE strongly inhibited mycelia growth and induced hyphae prominent abnormal morphological alterations. Also, PEAE had strong detrimental effect on spore germination of the tested pathogens in a concentrationdependent manner. For in vivo tests, PEAE could both reduce decay caused by P. digitatum and P. italicum respectively in wound-inoculated fruit and naturally infected fruit; meanwhile, no negative influences on the overall quality of the citrus fruits were observed with PEAE treatment. Therefore, PEAE could be used as a natural antifungal agent to control citrus blue and green mold.

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Keywords :propolis ,citrus ,green mold ,blue mold ,antifungal activity.

Antioxidant and anticytokine effects of bovine colostrum in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injured rat model

Oh Young Kwon, Jong Seok Lee, Han Sung Choi, Hoon Pyo Hong, Ki-Hyo Jang, Ji Hoon Paek, Soon Ah Kang, Young Gwan Ko

                                                                     

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine antioxidant and anticytokine effects of bovine colostrum (BC) in an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injured rat model. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were induced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. After reperfusion the rats were given BC, 0.9% saline or low fat milk (LFM) orally. The antioxidative activities using superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed in this study. Serum cytokine levels [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interlukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10] were also checked. SOD (1.53±0.23 U/mg of protein), GSH-PX (7.62±0.66 U/mg of protein), and CAT (42.16±3.16 U/mg of protein) activities increased and MDA level (0.58±0.05 mmol/mg of protein) decreased significantly in rats fed BC compared to rats fed saline or LFM (p<0.05). TNF-α (7.63±1.31 pg/mL), IL-1β (49.43±4.43 pg/mL), and IL-6 (62.85±7.60 pg/mL) in rats fed BC were significantly lower than saline or LFM (p<0.005), whereas there was no significant difference in IL-10 (220.3±22.06 pg/mL) between experimental groups. In conclusion, BC may have both antioxidative and anticytokine effects in an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion rat model.

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Keywords :anti-inflammation ,bovine colostrum ,cytokine ,antioxidant ,ischemia/reperfusion.

Relationships between sensory and instrumental hardness and the estimation of hardness specifications for commercial soybean curd

Bue-Young Imm, Jae-Yong Shim, Jee-Young Imm

                                                                 

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the relationships between variations in sensory hardness intensities and hardness levels of soybean curd. There was no significant relationship between the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) and instrumental hardness data of 93 soybean curd samples, including 45 soft and 48 firm soybean curds, analyzed with a texture analyzer. However, a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) was found between RSD (%) of sensory hardness and hardness level for both trained panelists and consumers. This finding offers a reason for the higher frequency of consumer claims made on the hardness of soft soybean curd compared to that of hard soybean curd. Finally, the regression analysis of RSD (%) and sensory hardness can be used to determine hardness specifications for commercial soybean curds.

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Keywords :soybean curd ,ardness ,sensory ,relative standard deviation ,specification.

Microbial evaluation of minimally processed vegetables and sprouts produced in Seoul, Korea

Young-Ho Seo, Ji-Hyun Jang, Kwang-Deog Moon

                                                                      

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of some minimally processed vegetables. A total of 345 samples of minimally processed vegetables were acquired at a department store, a local supermarket, and a restaurant in Seoul, Korea. Samples were tested for microorganism distributions and for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The aerobic mesophilic counts ranged between 2.0 and 9.7 log CFU/g, with the highest count recorded from the sprouts. Counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms were as high as those of the mesophilic microorganisms. Total coliform populations between 1.0 and 8.8 log CFU/g were found in 98.3% of the samples. Microbiological counts for fresh-cut fruits were very low. Sprouts were highly contaminated with microorganisms and showed a high incidence of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringence. Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 1.5 and 0.3% of samples, respectively. E. Coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica were not detected in any of the samples.

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Keywords :minimally processed vegetable ,sprout ,safety ,microorganism ,foodborne pathogen.

Ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3 stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes via CaMKK-AMPK pathways

Do Yeon Kim, Hai-Dan Yuan, Bo Huang, Hai-Yan Quan, Sung Hyun Chung

                                                                                          

Abstract

Based upon preliminary study showing stimulation of glucose uptake by 20(R)-Rg₃, a stereoisomer of 20(S)-Rg₃ ginsenoside found in red ginseng, we investigated the action mechanism of 20(R)-Rg₃ in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. It was found that 20(R)-Rg₃ stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, 20(R)-Rg₃ phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) in time- and concentration-dependent manners. In the meantime, 20(R)-Rg₃-induced glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 were attenuated in the presence of compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) or STO-609 (a CaMKK inhibitor). Taken together, this study is the first to demonstrate that 20(R)-Rg₃ stimulated the glucose uptake via translocation of GLUT4 and this effect was seemed to be mediated by CaMKK-AMPK pathways in C2C12 myotubes.

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Keywords :20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 ,glucose uptake ,C2C12 myotube ,AMP-activated protein kinase ,Ca2+/Calmodulindependent protein kinase kinase.

Study on the flavor contribution of phospholipids and triglycerides to pork

Ye-Chuan Huang, Hong-Jun Li, Zhi-Fei He, Ting Wang, Gang Qin

                                                                               

Abstract

For investigating the flavor contribution of phospholipids and triglycerides to pork, the longissimusmuscle of Rongchang (RC) and PIC (bred by PIC Company of England) pig were selectively removed of intramuscular triglycerides or total intramuscular lipids. After cooking, the flavor of different samples was compared by sensory evaluation, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS), and electronic nose. The results showed that removing triglycerides had little effect on the aroma of the cooked meat, but when total intramuscular lipids were removed a remarkable difference was observed. The control samples covaried strongly with some lipid-derived products, and the petroleum ether defatted samples also positively related to these compounds, but to a lesser extent, both of them negatively covaried with chloroform-methanol extracted samples which associated with some Maillard reaction products. Moreover the flavor difference between 2 breeds would decrease when triglycerides were removed, and reduce further when phospholipids and triglycerides were removed simultaneously. These results suggested that intramuscular lipids especially phospholipids contributed significantly to pork flavor, the flavor difference between 2 breeds resulted mainly from different intramuscular lipids content and composition.

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Keywords :pig ,triglycerides ,phospholipids ,flavor ,flavor difference.

Enhancement of immunostimulation and anti-metastasis in submerged culture of bearded tooth mushroom (Hericium erinaceum) mycelia by addition of ginseng extract

Hoon Kim, Jae-Hyeon Jeong, Jong-Hyun Hwang, Heon-Sang Jeong, Hyeon-Yong Lee, Kwang-Won Yu

                                                                           

Abstract

After bearded tooth mushroom (Hericium erinaceum) mycelia were cultivated in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract (GE, 65°Bx) to enhance immunostimulation and anti-metastasis, the submerged culture containing culture broth and mycelia was lyophilized (SC). Hot-water extract from SC cultivated in MCM supplemented with GE-5% (v/v, a ratio of MCM volume to GE, HE-GE-5-HW) showed significantly higher mitogenic activity (1.74 fold of the control) and IL-2 production (2.10 fold) than those of SC without GE (HEHW) at 100 μg/mL. The intestinal immune modulating activity was also obtained in HE-GE-5-HW (1.82 fold) whereas HE-GE-3-HW (GE-3%) had the most effective macrophage stimulation (1.88 fold) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production (3.59 fold). In addition, intravenous administration of HE-GE-3- and 5-HW significantly inhibited the experimental lung metastasis of colon 26-M3.1 cells (61.2 and 67.2%). HE-GE-5-HW mainly contained neutral sugar (72.0%) in addition to small amounts of protein (9.2%) and uronic acid (3.9%). Furthermore, the activities of the GE culture were high compared with the culture without GE, indicating that GE helped enhance the physiological activities of bearded tooth mushroom.

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Keywords :bearded tooth mushroom ,ginseng extract ,submerged culture ,immunostimulation ,anti-metastasis.

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of different solvent extracts from banana (Musa paradisiaca) and mustai (Rivea hypocrateriformis)

Nataraj Loganayaki, Dharmar Rajendrakumaran, Sellamuthu Manian

                                                                              

Abstract

In the present study, chloroform, acetone, and methanol extracts from stem and flower of banana (Musa paradisiaca) and leaves, stem, and flowers of mustai (Rivea hypocrateriformis) were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH^•), 2,2′azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^•+), iron chelation, and antihemolytic activity. Among the solvents used, methanol gave the maximum yield in banana, whereas in night glory acetone was reported to having higher extractive value. The total phenolic content was also higher in these extracts. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was well established with their DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity. The potential of multiple antioxidant activity of samples can be further evidenced by inhibition of reactive oxygen mediated erythrocyte cell lysis and metal ion chelating activity. However, this is the first report on the antioxidant property of mustai and this plant is having excellent antioxidant potential over banana. In conclusion, the results implied that the leaves, stem, and flowers of banana, and mustai could be considered as health supplements and nutraceuticals/functional foods.

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Keywords :mustai (Rivea hypocrateriformis) ,banana (Musa paradisiaca) ,ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ,antihemolytic activity.

Antidiabetic activity of nano powdered chitosan in db/db mice

Mi Hwa Seo, Ju Hyun Park, Hae-Soo Kwak

                                                                        

Abstract

Present study was carried out to examine effects of nanopowdered chitosan on antidiabetic activity in db/db mice. Twenty-eight 8-week-old mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) control, nondiabetic control mice; (2) group 1, diabetic control mice with not treated chitosans; (3) group 2, diabetic mice given 2% powdered chitosan; and (4) group 3, diabetic mice given 2% nanopowdered chitosan. The serum glucose in group 3 reduced by 56%, as compared to group 2 (28%). The total serum cholesterol in group 3 decreased by 31.6%, while group 2 reduced by 18.2%. Triglyceride was decreased by 33.6% in group 3 and by 22.5% in group 2. The insulin of group 2 and 3 were significantly increased by 51.7 and 92.9%, respectively. Only group 3 was recovered from the β-cell destruction. Based on the result of the study, it is suggested that nanopowdered chitosan has higher antidiabetic activities than powdered.

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Keywords :nanochitosan ,antidiabetic effect ,glucose ,total serum cholesterol ,triglyceride ,pancreatic islet.