Anti-photoaging effects of 2-methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine isolated from peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)

Sunghwa Han, Kwang-Kyun Park, Won-Yoon Chung, Sang Kook Lee, Jaekyung Kim, Jae-Kwan Hwang

                                                                   

Abstract

In this study, antioxidant and anti-photoaging activities of 2-methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine (MMPP) isolated from peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were investigated in terms of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and type-1 procollagen expression in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. MMPP was obtained from the butanol fraction of a 95% ethanol extract of peach. The antioxidant and anti-photoaging activity of MMPP were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), Western blot, and reverse trans-cription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. MMPP displayed radical scavenging activity, suppressed MMP-1 expression, and increased type-1 procollagen expression. These results support the use of MMPP from peach as an antiphotoaging compound.

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Keywords :photoaging ,2-methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine ,matrix metalloproteinase-1 ,type-1 procollagen.

Application of high-speed counter-current chromatography for the isolation of 5 alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves

Jiang-Ning Hu, Bin Shan, Ze-Yuan Deng, Jing Li, Ya-Wei Fan, Zheng Ruan, Rong Liu

                                                                       

Abstract

A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for isolation of 5 alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. The 2-phase solvent system of HSCCC composed of light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water was set up in 2- step separation process in the proportion of 3:5:3:5 for isolation of N-nornuciferine and armepavine, and in the proportion of 1:5:1:5 for that of anonaine, pronuciferine, and nuciferine. The purity of anonaine (14.6mg), pronuciferine (29.7 mg), N-nornuciferine (31.4 mg), nuciferine (22.1 mg), and armepavine (23.3 mg) isolated from 150 mg crude extract of lotus leaves were examined as 95.6, 88.2, 92.5, 94.3, and 92.1%, respectively.

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Keywords : lotus leaf ,high-speed counter-current chromatography ,alkaloid ,isolation.

Development and application of a rapid and simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for food-borneSalmonella detection

Xihong Zhao, Li Wang, Jin Chu, Yanmei Li, Yanyan Li, Zhenbo Xu, Lin Li, Mark E. Shirtliff, Xiaowei He, Yao Liu, Jihua Wang, Liansheng Yang

                                                                       

Abstract

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of the food-borneSalmonella strains had been developed and evaluated in this study. The optimal reaction condition was found to be 65°C for 45 min, with the detection limit as 1 pg DNA/tube and 100 CFU/reaction. Application of LAMP assays was performed on 214 food-borne Salmonella strains using a rapid procedure and easy result confirmation, where the specificity of LAMP and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays was 97.7% (209/214) and 91.6% (196/214), respectively; with a 100% specificity for both assays.

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Keywords : loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) ,Salmonella ,rapid detection ,food-borne pathogen ,invA.

Thermal and rheological properties of hydrogels prepared with retrograded waxy rice starch powders

Won-Jun Jung, Jung-Ah Han, Seung-Taik Lim

                                                             

Abstract

Waxy rice starch dispersed in water (50% solids) was gelatinized by heating the dispersion at 121°C for 20 min, and retrograded by storing the paste at 4°C for 2 days. The starch gel was then freeze-dried and ground into powders. The retrograded starch powders were hydrated at 20–30% solid concentration at different temperatures (4 and 23°C), and then thermal and rheological properties were analyzed using the hydrogels. The gel hydrated at 4°C had an onset temperature of melting at 34.9°C, which was approximately 10°C lower than that observed for the gel hydrated at 23°C. The enthalpy value was greater for the gel hydrated at 4°C (14.2 J/g) than the gel hydrated at 23°C (8.8 J/g). The yield stress and consistency of the hydrogels were proportional to the solid concentration. The hydrogel prepared with 30% retrograded starch powders at 4°C displayed a thick creamy texture with retrograded starch crystals that could melt at a temperature range of 35–51°C. The thermal and rheological properties of the hydrogels exhibited the possibility for the retrograded starch powders to be used as fat mimetic in foods.

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Keywords : waxy rice starch ,retrograded starch ,hydrogel ,rheology ,onset temperature ,fat mimetic.

Genomic sequence of temperate phage 250 isolated from emetic B. cereus and cloning of putative endolysin

Young-Duck Lee, Jong-Hyun Park

                                                                           

Abstract

Bacteriophages have been intensively-studied and applied in a variety of practical applications such as biocontrol of food-borne pathogens. Especially, endolysin of bacteriophage is highly specific to host strains that can hydrolyze cell wall. To get the control agent for foodpoisoning Bacillus cereus, cloning and nucleotide sequence of putative endolysin from temperate phage 250 (Tp250) of emeticB. cereus 250 were investigated. Tp250 was induced by mitomycin C and belonged to Siphoviridae family. Tp250, a circular dsDNA genome of 56,505 bp, consisted of various structural and functional genes for survival or propagation. ORFs from Tp250 were involved in replication, head morphogenesis, head-to-tail joining, tail morphogenesis, lysogenic module, host lysis, and other functional genes such as related metabolisms. For cloning of putative endolysin, Tp 250 DNA was extracted and pLYS250 was constructed. The pLYS250 had 752 ORF encoding a putative endolysin with 250 amino acids, which was expressed by around 28 kDa in Escherichia coli. Therefore, Tp250 and the endolysin might be applied as one of agents to reduce B.cereus pathogen in foods directly or through over-expression and purification.

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Keywords :emetic Bacillus cereus ,temperate phage ,genome sequence ,endolysin ,cloning.

Simultaneous production of natural statins and coenzyme Q10 by Monascus pilosus fermentation using different solid substrates

Young-Hee Pyo, Shin-Yoo Seo

                                                                                   

Abstract

Simultaneous production of mevinolins (natural statins) and ubiquinones (coenzyme Qs; CoQ₉ and CoQ₁₀) were identified and determined in solid substrates fermented (SSF) with Monascus pilosus K-1140. The highest co-production of mevinolins (2.31±0.11 mg/g) and ubiquinones (0.24±0.02 mg/g) was obtained in a mixed grains substrate (rice:sorghum:barley:buckwheat:soybean; 1:1:1:1:1; w/w/w/w/w). The optimal conditions for mixed grains in the SSF were initial moisture content of 50% and initial substrate pH of 6. The total production of CoQs was increased by 32% with the addition of red paprika. Mevinolinic acid (hypocholesterolemic agent) was the main component contributing 81.3 to 91.5% of total mevinolins in the fermented substrates. The results indicate that mixed grain fermented with M. pilosus may be used as a new nutraceuticals with anti-atherosclerotic function without statin-induced CoQ₁₀ deficiency.

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Keywords : Monascus pilosus ,mevinolin ,ubiquinone ,solid substrate fermentation.

High cell density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli for production of rat procarboxypeptidase B

Chang-Kyu Kim, Sang-Mahn Lee, Sang Min Jeong

                                                               

Abstract

The recombinant Escherichia coli harboring pPT/proCPB (procarboxypeptidase B) gene was constructed for the overexpression of rat proCPB gene. The proCPB expression was controlled by the rrnB P2 promoter fused with lac operator. In the fed batch fermentations, the expression of proCPB was accelerated by the temperature shift from 30 to 37°C without lac operon inducers such as isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactoside (IPTG) and lactose. Fermentation strategies including the 3-step increase was optimized to harvest high titers of cell growth and ProCPB. The ideal results of optical density 80 and 66.7% of ProCPB content were obtained through the optimized 3-step shift fed-batch fermentation from 30 to 37oC for 6 hr. After refolding and activation of ProCPB to CPB by trypsin treatment, the CPB activity of 39,375 U/L with specific activity 135 U/mg was obtained in the culture broth. In the conversion reaction by ProCPB, preproinsulin was successfully transformed into insulin.

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Keywords:temperature shift fermentation ,rat procarboxypeptidase B (proCPB, ProCPB) ,high cell density ,lac repressor titration-out ,preproinsulin ,bioconversion.

Validation of high performance liquid chromatography methods for determination of bioactive sulfur compounds in garlic bulbs

Miyoung Yoo, Sanghee Lee, Sangil Lee, Homoon Seog, Dongbin Shin

                                                         

Abstract

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for determination of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) before their enzymatic decomposition and allicin in garlic were optimized and validated. Four γ-glutamyl peptides, 2 S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides, and 2 S-alk(en)yl cysteine were simply extracted with water, followed by the sensitive and selective determination of all compounds in a single run using reverse phase HPLC. Allicin was extracted with dichloromethane and diethyl ether and analyzed by normal phase HPLC/UV system. OSCs and allicin were separated on Hypurity Elite C₁₈ and silica gel column, respectively. These methods exhibited excellent linearity for all of the analytes with good correlation coefficient (r>0.984). Average recoveries were in the range of 81.89–102.38% with good standard deviations. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of OSCs and allicin ranged from 0.76 to 5.79 and 20.09 μg/mL, respectively. The precision results were expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), ranged from 0.03 to 3.31% for intra-day and from 1.22 to 14.00% for the interday. These analytical methods and validation data may be useful for quality evaluation of garlic bulbs.

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Keywords :garlic bulb ,bioactive organosulfur compound ,allicin ,validation ,high performance liquid chromatography.

Maltoheptaose and maltooctaose as the superior aroma encapsulating agents

Byoung Cheol Min, So Young Kwon, Young Seung Jeon, Byong-Hoon Lee, Hyung Hee Baek, Kwan-Hwa Park

                                                                

Abstract

Maltoheptaose (G7) and maltooctaose (G8) were examined as potential encapsulating agents for aroma compounds and compared with commercially available maltodextrins with the dextrose equivalent (DE) 10 and 18. Solutions of each encapsulating agent were homogenized with aromas and spray dried. The initial amounts of aroma compounds retained in each encapsulating agent were as follows: G7<G8≈DE 18<DE 10. During storage at 25°C, G8 was most effective at retaining the aroma compounds among 4 encapsulating agents used in this study, then followed by G7. This result may be due to the high molecular weight and uniform wall matrix composed of either pure G8 or G7 when compared to the commercial maltodextrins that had a broad distribution of molecular weights. Our results suggest that G7 and G8 can serve as excellent encapsulating agents for aroma compounds.

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Keywords :maltoheptaose ,maltoocatose ,encapsulating agent ,aroma ,maltodextrin.

Effects of microbial fermentation of soybean on growth performances, phosphorus availability, and antioxidant activity in diets for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Sung-Sam Kim, Minh Anh Pham, Kang-Woong Kim, Maeng-Hyun Son, Kyeong-Jun Lee

                                                                            

Abstract

A promising solution to solve the low phosphorus availability of most plant protein sources and make those ingredients more useful and functional in feeds for fish is reported. Three experimental diets supplemented with 0, 3, and 6% meju (designated as Meju 0, Meju 3, and Meju 6) were formulated. After 8 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance, feed utilization, and survival were not different among fish groups fed the test diets. Phosphorus retention in fish fed Meju 6 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Increased antioxidant activity in meju diets was observed with increasing polyphenol and flavonoids contents. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased by the supplementation of meju. Microbial fermentation of soybean, which also can be simply adapted for soybean meal, is a promising method for increasing phosphorus availability in soybean meal, antioxidant activities in diets, and nonspecific immune response of olive flounder.

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Keywords : olive flounder ,meju ,Aspergillus oryzae ,superoxide dismutase ,phosphorus retention.

Production of nattokinase using Bacillus natto NRRL 3666: Media optimization, scale up, and kinetic modeling

Prafulla M. Mahajan, Sagar V. Gokhale, Smita S. Lele

                                                                

Abstract

Fermentative production of nattokinase, a potent fibrinolytic enzyme using Bacillus natto NRRL 3666 was optimized by statistical optimization methods at shake flask. In addition, the production scheme based on optimum medium was scaled-up in 5-L lab-scale fermenter containing 2.5 L working volume. Further, unstructured mathematical models were proposed for kinetics of batch fermentation at shake flask as well as fermenter level for nattokinase. Enhanced production of nattokinase from 188 ±2.4 to 1,190.68±11 U/mL within 40 hr was achieved at shake flask. Nattokinase production improved to 1,932 U/ mL in fermenter, which was 1.6 fold higher than shake flask. The production process was significantly reduced to 26 hr in the fermenter. The proposed models showed better prediction for experimental data with respect to biomass formation (R²>0.96), enzyme production (R²>0.99), and substrate utilization (R²>0.96). The present work showed successful optimization of medium for hyperproduction of nattokinase.

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Keywords : nattokinase ,statistical optimization,scale up ,kinetic modeling ,fibrinolytic activity.

Effect of gas tightness-controlled compartment system on quality keeping of fresh produce stored in household refrigerator

So Jung Kim, Duck Soon An, Jeongyon Kim, Su Won Lee, Dong Sun Lee

                                                                      

Abstract

Refrigerator chill compartments with volumes of 22-L were fabricated, which had different gas tightness properties to gas or water vapor, ranging from 1,770 to 107,000 mL/hr·m²·atm in CO₂permeance at 25°C. Those compartments were filled with prepared fresh vegetables, and then their ability to preserve the quality at 3°C for 14 days was compared. The internal atmosphere and humidity were monitored together with the stored produce quality. The air-tight compartment with the lowest permeance created an atmosphere slightly different from air (CO₂ 0.8–1.6%; O₂ 19.7–20.4%), while the other ones had atmospheres of normal air. The relative humidity of the compartments ranged from 52 to 97%. Two air-tight compartments, maintaining a relative humidity mostly higher than 95%, preserved the produce better than the conventional open type one, with reduced weight loss and better retentions of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll.

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Keywords : gas permeability ,humidity ,produce compartment ,weight loss ,prepared vegetable.

Quality characteristics of gochujang mejuprepared with different fermentation tools and inoculation time of Aspergillus oryzae

Hyeong-Eun Kim, Song-Yi Han, Yong-Suk Kim

                                                                     

Abstract

To standardize a preparation method for traditional gochujang, 4 types of meju were prepared using different fermentation tools and inoculation time of Aspergillus oryzae with Bacillus subtilis. The acidic protease activities of the S-1 and S-2 were higher and significantly different than those of S-3 and S-4 on 8-day fermentation at 30°C. The free amino acid contents of the meju were high, in the order of S-2 (275.9 mg%, w/w) > S-1 (238.3 mg%) > S-3 (215.0 mg%) > S-4 (189.9 mg%). The amino-type nitrogen contents of the S-1 (355.6±12.3 unit/mL) and S-2 (327.0±5.8 unit/mL) were higher and significantly different than those of S-3 and S-4 on 4-day fermentation. However, no consistent differences were observed between S-1 and S-2 during the fermentation period. Therefore, we conclude that meju fermentation was largely affected by the inoculation time of A. oryzae rather than the fermentation tool (tray or net).

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Keywords : meju ,Aspergillus oryzae ,Bacillus subtilis ,inoculation time ,fermentation tool.

Inhibitory effects of water extracts of fermented rice bran on allergic response

Jiang Ping Fan, Kyoung Min Choi, Gi Dong Han

                                                                          

Abstract

In this study, the effects of water extracts of fermented rice bran (FRBE) on immediate-type allergic reactions in vitro (RBL-2H3 cell line) and in vivo [ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized mice model] were investigated. FRBE inhibited β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE while FRBE pretreatment profoundly inhibited the systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. Moreover, FRBE had a significant inhibitory effect on the mRNA expression of anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10, all of which mediate inflammatory reactions triggered by allergic reaction. To determine the mRNA levels of cytokines in an OVA-sensitized mice model after FRBE treatment, spleen cells were harvested with several concentrations of FRBE. The FRBE-treated group showed decreased levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10. These results suggest that FRBE suppressed allergic and inflammatory reactions through inhibition of degranulation, histamine release, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production from mast cells.

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Keywords : water extract of fermented rice bran ,allergic reaction ,RBL-2H3 cell ,β-hexosaminidase ,pro-inflammatory chemotactic cytokine.

Optimization of medium on exopolysaccharides production in submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris

Jian-Dong Cui, Shi-Ru Jia

                                                                

Abstract

Statistical experimental design strategy (SES) was applied to optimize the medium for the exopolysaccharides (EPS) production of Cordyceps militaris by submerged culture in shaker flask. A significant influence of the glucose and peptone on the EPS production was first evaluated by using a Plackett-Buman design. Then, steepest ascent method was employed to approach the experimental design space. Last, these factors were further optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). A quadratic model was found to fit the EPS production. The optimum values of the tested variables for the production of EPS were 48.67 g/L glucose, 12.56 g/L peptone, 1 g/L KH₂PO₄, 10 g/L yeast extract, and 0.5 g/L MgSO₄·7H₂O. Under optimization of culture conditions, the EPS production was enhanced from 0.78 to 1.96 g/L. In comparison with that of original culture conditions, 2.5 fold increase was obtained.

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Keywords : medium ,optimization ,exopolysaccharides (EPS) production ,Cordyceps militaris ,statistic experimental design.

Effects of fermented ginseng extracts on tumor metastasis in mice

Dong Zhou Kang, Dan Liu, Seon Yoong Jo, Tae-Bong Kang, Jin Moo Lee, Hyung Joo Suh, Ae-jung Kim, Taek Joon Yoon

                                                                    

Abstract

This study was demonstrated that the fermentation of gingseng increases its biological activities, by comparing the anti-tumor and immunostimulating activities of fermented gingseng extracts (FginE) with those of non-fermented ginseng (GinE). In the experimental lung metastasis of colon26-M3.1 carcinoma, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or peroral (p.o.) administration of FginE showed stronger anti-tumor metastatic activities than those of GinE. When stimulating 2 kinds of extract on macrophages, FginE was shown to have a higher production of interleukin (IL)-12 than GinE. In addition, treatment with FginE induced tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages against colon26-M3.1 cells. When Peyer’s patch was cocultured with FginE, the proliferation of these cells and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) production were induced. In an assay for natural killer (NK) cell activity, an i.p. administration of FginE significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells. Fermented ginseng extracts promotes antitumor activities to inhibit tumor metastasis, and its antitumor effects are associated with the enhancement of systemic as well as mucosal immune systems.

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Keywords :fermented-ginseng ,tumor metastasis ,innate immunity,mucosal immunity ,cytokine.

Enzymatic extracts from edible red algae,Porphyra tenera, and their antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities

Mahinda Senevirathne, Chang-Bum Ahn, Jae-Young Je

                                                                    

Abstract

Enzymatic extracts from Porphyra tenera were prepared using 4 proteases (Protamex, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, and Alcalase) and 7 carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Dextrozyme, Maltogenase, Termamyl, Promozyme, and Viscozyme), and biological activities of the enzymatic extracts from P. tenera were determined as antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinestrase (AChE), and anti-inflammation. The Alcalase and Maltogenase extracts showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrozyl (DPPH) scavenging activities compared to the other extracts. At the 2.5 mg/mL, 94.38% (Alacalase extracts), and 80.13% (Maltogenase extracts) scavenging capacities were observed. The Alcalase and Maltogenase extracts were also showed strong reducing power, ferrous ion chelating, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging capacities. In addition, 2 enzymatic extracts effectively protected hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. In the case of AChE inhibition, the Flavourzyme (99.32% inhibition) and Viscozyme extracts (82.68% inhibition) were observed. All enzymatic extracts showed no cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophages, and all enzymatic extracts effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that the enzymatic extracts from P. tenera would be useful as an ingredient for functional foods.

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Keywords :Porphyra tenera ,enzymatic extract ,acetylcholinesterase ,antioxidant ,anti-inflammatory activity.

Phytoestrogenic activity of ethanol extract from Korean wild vegetableDisporum uniflorum

Na Ra Jeon, Kyungsu Kang, Eun Hye Jho, Hee Ju Lee, Chul Young Kim, Chu Won Nho

                                                                             

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the estrogenic effect of a Korean wild vegetable, Disporum uniflorum Baker. The ethanolic extract from D. uniflorum (DUE) showed a potent estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells. After the bioassay-guided fractionation from DUE, the ethyl acetate fraction (DUF) was discovered as the active fraction responsible for the estrogenic activity. Luteolin was one of major active components of DUF, and it could be considered as a marker compound for standardization of the activity. Both DUE and DUF induced the transactivation of estrogen response element (ERE) and cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. DUF also exerted the estrogen signaling via the phosphorylations of estrogen receptor (ER) α at Ser¹¹⁸ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Based on this study, therefore, DUE and DUF could be potential candidates of functional food materials for the prevention and alleviation of postmenopausal symptoms.

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Keywords :Disporum uniflorum Baker ,luteolin ,phytoestrogen ,postmenopausal symptom ,wild vegetable.

Modulation of cancer cell proliferation by cell survival signal Akt and tumor suppressive energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase in colon cancer cells treated with resveratrol

Song Yi Park, Ock Jin Park

                                                               

Abstract

It has been well known that resveratrol inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a sensor of cellular energy status, has emerged as a potent target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. It has been found that the activation of AMPK by resveratrol was crucial for the inhibition of HT-29 colon cancer cells. Resveratrol strongly inhibited phosphorylation of Akt. The possibility whether AMPK activation was essential to the inhibition of p-Akt was investigated in resveratrol-treated cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of resveratrol on Akt was not observed when AMPK activities were blocked by the treatment with AMPK siRNA at a relatively lower level of resveratrol. However, the higher concentrations of resveratrol inhibited Akt without the activation of AMPK. Therefore, it was concluded that resveratrol could modulate Akt AMPK-dependently or AMPK-independently. The inhibition of Akt along with the activation of AMPK may contribute to the unraveling anti-cancer mechanism of resveratrol.

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Keywords :Akt ,AMP-activated kinase ,LY294002 ,resveratrol ,HT-29 colon cancer cell.

Physicochemical and bread-making properties of air flow pulverized wheat and corn flours

Soo Yeon Chung, Sung Hee Han, Seog Won Lee, Chul Rhee

                                                                              

Abstract

The air flow pulverized grain flours were prepared from American wheat (AWF), Korean wheat (KWF), and corn (CRF) at 3 different grinding speeds, 9,000, 10,000, and 11,000 rpm. The effects of grinding speed on the physicochemical and bread making characteristics of resulting flours were investigated. Pulverization at low grinding speed produced the flour similar to those from conventional milling in particle size (80–100 μm). The higher speed grinding at 11,000 rpm produced grain flours with smaller particle sizes (20–30 μm) and higher amount of damaged starches. Accordingly, grinding speed increased water holding capacity, swelling power, and water solubility of the resulting grain flour, and also increased pasting properties. Gluten addition was needed for KWF (15% gluten) and CRF (30% gluten) to facilitate optimum bread making. The flour pulverized at high speed produced the KWF and CRF bread with the highest loaf volume and the lowest firmness.

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Keywords :physicochemical property ,bread quality ,particle size ,wheat flour ,corn flour.

Anti-inflammatory effect of microalgal extracts from Tetraselmis suecica

Wol Soon Jo, Yoo Jin Choi, Hyoun Ji Kim, Byung Hyouk Nam, Sook Hee Hong, Gye An Lee, Sang Wha Lee, Su Yeong Seo, Min Ho Jeong

                                                                              

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory activities of extracts fromTetraselmis suecica with respect to nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interlukin (IL)-6 release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. We prepared methanolic extracts and water extract using protease. Of all the prepared extracts, 80% methanol extract exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, we further characterized the hexane fraction (He-TS) and ethyl acetate fraction (EA-TS) that contained potential bioactive compounds from the 80M-TS fraction of T. suecica. Both He-TS and EA-TS fractions resulted in a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced NO production, TNF-α, and IL-6 release (p<0.05). This strong inhibition of various inflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 by EA-TS fraction from T. suecica suggests that this fraction might contain a potential bioactive compound that would be a good candidate for the development therapeutic anti inflammatory agent.

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Keywords :Tetraselmis suecica ,lipopolysaccharides (LPS) ,RAW 264.7 macrophage ,anti-inflammatory activity ,nitric oxide ,pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Inhibitory effect of phosphatidylserine on atopy-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice

Bong-Jun Sur, Bombi Lee, Mijung Yeom, Jeong-Jun Han, Hee-Don Choi, Hyejung Lee, Seok Joong Kim, Suk Hoo Yoon, Dae-Hyun Hahm

                                                                                 

Abstract

In the present study, the anti-atopic effect of phosphatidylserine (PS) extracted from soybean was investigated in NC/Nga mice. The atopic symptoms were evaluated by scoring spontaneous scratching behavior and skin lesions, by measuring serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), and by observing skin histology. After observing the maximum severity of atopic symptoms, PS was initiated. The PS treatment significantly alleviated apparent symptoms of atopic dermatitis and scratching behavior. The suppression of atopic dermatitis by PS was verified by decreases in the serum levels of IgE (p<0.05 after 8 weeks; p<0.001 after 9 weeks) and IL-4 (p<0.01 after 7 weeks; p<0.001 after 9 weeks). Histological observations also indicated that the thickening process of skin and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly inhibited. Taken together, PS from soybean might be useful for alleviating atopic dermatitis symptoms and thus for developing a new medicine for treating human atopic disease.

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Keywords :atopic dermatitis ,phosphatidylserine ,NC/Nga mice ,2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene ,inflammation.

Histone acetyltransferase inhibitory activity of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanusMiq.) ethanol extract on androgen receptor-dependent prostate cancer cell growth

Mi-Jeong Kim, Ah-Reum Seong, Yoo-Hyun Lee, Young Jun Kim, Masaki Shiota, Akira Yokomizo, Seiji Naito, Jeongmin Lee, Woojin Jun, Ho-Geun Yoon

                                                                         

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate that a bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) ethanol extract (RCE) exhibits the strong histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitory activity, and shows specificity against the p300 HAT enzyme. RCE specifically inhibited p300 acetyltransferase activities with an IC₅₀ of approximately 70 μg/mL, but did not inhibit other epigenetic enzymes. We found that RCE inhibited agonist-dependent androgen receptor (AR) acetylation and suppressed androgen-induced AR transcriptional activity. RCE treatment also decreased the enhancement of AR transcriptional activity caused by p300 overexpression, and combined treatment with RCE potentiated the activity of the AR antagonist flutamide. Finally, RCE treatment reduced the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells via inhibition of cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression, and concomitantly induced apoptosis. Collectively, our results suggest that therapeutic targeting of AR acetylation by HATi could lead to a new class of antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Keywords : bokbunja ,Rubus coreanus ,histone acetyltransferase ,androgen receptor ,prostate cancer.

Effect of glucose oxidase and mixing time on soluble and insoluble wheat flour protein fractions: Changes on SH groups and H2O2 consumption

Juan C. Pescador-Piedra, Reynold R. Farrera-Rebollo, Georgina Calderón- Domínguez

                                                                       

Abstract

Glucose oxidase (GOX) has been recognized as an alternative to substitute chemical oxidants in bread making, however the action exerted on wheat flour proteins by the H₂O₂ produced is still unclear. Looking for a better understanding of the role of GOX and H₂O₂ in the bread making process, the effect of varying GOX levels and mixing time on soluble and insoluble wheat flour protein fractions was studied. Results showed that GOX promoted a decrement in free SH groups in both proteins, being the most evident effect on the soluble fraction at the beginning of the mixing process, remaining almost constant afterwards. H₂O₂ was continuously produced during mixing, showing its largest consumption during the first 6 min without significant SH changes afterwards. Results suggest that H₂O₂ must be involved in other reactions as it remains in the sample; this also suggests that oxygen is not a limiting factor in this reaction.

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Keywords :glucose oxidase,sulfhydryl group,hydrogen peroxide,bread making,wheat flour protein fraction.

Characterization of bacteriostatic sausage casing: A composite of bacterial cellulose embedded with ɛ-polylysine

Huixia Zhu, Shiru Jia, Hongjiang Yang, Weihua Tang, Yuanyuan Jia, Zhilei Tan

                                                                      

Abstract

The feasibility of a novel bacteriostatic sausage casing made of bacterial cellulose (BC) embedded with ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) was evaluated. The ɛ-PL/BC composite was prepared by immersing BC tubes in ɛ-PL solution and its characteristics were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques, respectively. The results suggested that ɛ-PL molecules were incorporated into the cellulose fiber networks and the ɛ-PL/BC composite might have a novel unique structure. No significant loss of antimicrobial activity was observed even after autoclaving at 121°C for 30 min and the oxygen permeability was far below than that of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane. Its tensile strength was 51.8 MPa. The ɛ-PL/BC composite exhibits bacteriostatic and/or bacteriocidal activities against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; as a result, an extended shelf life than controls was observed for sausage packaged with the ɛ-PL/BC composite.

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Keywords : bacterial cellulose ,ɛ-polylysine ,sausage casing ,antimicrobial activity.

Study of maillard reaction products in model aqueous and water/ethanol systems containing glucose and glycine, diglycine, and triglycine

Ji-Sang Kim, Young-Soon Lee

                                                         

Abstract

The reduction in pH was higher in aqueous solutions than in ethanolic solutions. Moreover, pH was lower in glycine compared to diglycine and triglycine in both aqueous and ethanolic solutions. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from diglycine had a greater absorbance at 294 and 420 nm in ethanolic solution than an aqueous solution. The loss of glucose was higher in ethanolic MRPs solution than in aqueous solutions. The glycine oligomer content in ethanolic solutions remained much higher than that in aqueous solutions. Absorption in the ultraviolet (UV)-vis spectra was higher in MRPs derived from the ethanolic solution than in those derived from the aqueous solution. The molecular weights of MRPs derived from an ethanolic solution showed higher peak intensities than those derived from an aqueous solution, whereas the major peaks of the molecular weight in an ethanolic solution were slightly different from those in an aqueous solution.

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Keywords: glycine oligomer, Maillard reaction product,peptide chain length,ethanol.

A reference-calibration method for tenderness perception using psychophysical models

Rui Xiong, Young-Seung Lee, Jean-François Meullenet

                                                                                          

Abstract

A main advantage of the reference-calibration method is the use of the standard references with the scale values to establish the relationship between sensory and instrumental data which is then used to predict sensory attributes of unknown samples. This study was conducted to predict tenderness perception using instrumental methods through a reference-calibrated model. Chicken breast fillets deboned at 9 different times were cooked and instrumentally tested by a compression test. The fillets were also evaluated by 7 trained panelists. Three different psychophysical models were employed to correlate reference scores with the peak forces and to predict tenderness. The results showed that the Stevens and Beidler models fitted well the peak forces to the reference scores. After calibration, the models were used to predict tenderness scores for all the fillets. This study implied that references could be used to calibrate not only panelists but also instruments for predicting tenderness perception.

 

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Keywords:reference calibration method,chicken breast meat,tenderness,hardness,psychophysical model.